Marcus Tullius Cicero

Full Name and Common Aliases

Marcus Tullius Cicero, often simply referred to as Cicero, was a Roman statesman, orator, and writer. He is sometimes affectionately called "Tully" in English-speaking countries, a nod to his family name, Tullius.

Birth and Death Dates

Cicero was born on January 3, 106 BCE, in Arpinum, a town southeast of Rome. He met his demise on December 7, 43 BCE, in Formia, Italy, a victim of the political turmoil that marked the end of the Roman Republic.

Nationality and Profession(s)

Cicero was a Roman citizen, a status he held with great pride. His professions were as varied as they were influential: he was a lawyer, statesman, philosopher, and orator. His career in public service and his contributions to Roman law and politics have left an indelible mark on history.

Early Life and Background

Cicero hailed from a wealthy equestrian family in Arpinum, which afforded him the opportunity to receive a comprehensive education. His father, a well-read man, ensured that Cicero was tutored by the best teachers in Rome. This education laid the foundation for Cicero's future endeavors in law and politics. As a young man, Cicero served in the military under the command of Pompeius Strabo, but his true passion lay in the art of rhetoric and the study of philosophy.

Major Accomplishments

Cicero's career was marked by a series of significant accomplishments. He first gained public attention as a lawyer, where his eloquence and skill in the courtroom earned him a reputation as one of Rome's greatest orators. His most famous legal case was the prosecution of Gaius Verres, a corrupt governor of Sicily, which showcased his formidable rhetorical abilities and commitment to justice.

In politics, Cicero reached the pinnacle of Roman public life when he was elected consul in 63 BCE. During his consulship, he famously thwarted the Catiline Conspiracy, a plot to overthrow the Roman government. His actions during this crisis solidified his status as a defender of the Republic.

Notable Works or Actions

Cicero was a prolific writer, and his works have survived the ravages of time, continuing to influence Western thought. His philosophical writings, such as "De Republica" and "De Legibus," explore the nature of government and law, reflecting his deep commitment to the principles of the Roman Republic. His treatises on rhetoric, including "De Oratore" and "Brutus," remain foundational texts in the study of public speaking and persuasion.

Cicero's correspondence, particularly his letters to his friend Atticus, provides invaluable insights into the political and social life of late Republican Rome. These letters reveal his personal struggles, political maneuvers, and philosophical musings, offering a candid glimpse into the mind of one of history's great thinkers.

Impact and Legacy

Cicero's impact on Roman society and Western civilization is profound. His defense of the Republic and his articulation of the principles of justice and liberty have inspired generations of political thinkers and leaders. Cicero's ideas on natural law and the rights of individuals influenced the development of Roman law and later, the legal systems of Europe.

His mastery of Latin prose set a standard for clarity and elegance that has been emulated by writers for centuries. Cicero's works were rediscovered during the Renaissance, sparking a revival of interest in classical philosophy and rhetoric. His influence can be seen in the writings of Enlightenment thinkers such as John Locke and Montesquieu, who drew on Cicero's ideas in their own works on government and society.

Why They Are Widely Quoted or Remembered

Cicero is widely quoted and remembered for his eloquence, wisdom, and commitment to the ideals of the Republic. His speeches and writings capture the essence of Roman political and philosophical thought, making them timeless sources of inspiration. Cicero's ability to articulate complex ideas with clarity and precision has made his quotes enduringly popular.

His reflections on the nature of power, justice, and duty resonate with audiences across the ages, offering insights into the human condition and the challenges of governance. Cicero's legacy as a champion of liberty and a master of rhetoric ensures that his words continue to be quoted and revered by those who value the power of language and the principles of democracy.